The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a report on the maritime fire aboard the Staten Island ferry Sandy Ground in 2022, which caused $13 million in damages. The NTSB identified a design flaw and crew error as the main causes of the incident, which led to the fuel oil system exceeding its rated pressure. This overpressure warped fuel filter housings and sprayed fuel onto a hot exhaust manifold, igniting the fire.
Engine room fires are a serious risk onboard vessels, with potentially devastating consequences. Understanding the causes and hazards of maritime fires is essential for preventing them, ensuring safety at sea, and navigating the complex legal landscape that follows in the wake of such disasters. In the article below, the maritime injury lawyers at Kherkher Garcia discuss one recent example of a maritime fire – the Sandy Ground engine room fire. We will also provide information about the hazards of maritime fires, common injuries, and how a maritime injury lawyer can help victims.
Sandy Ground Maritime Fire Details
On December 22, 2022, Sandy Ground was on its usual route between Manhattan and Staten Island, with four engineering crew members on duty. The crew had a practice of maintaining balanced fuel levels in two day tanks for stability. However, when the tank levels became uneven, two oilers made multiple adjustments to the fuel system valves over 40 minutes, trying to balance the levels.
At 1647, alarms for high and low fuel pressure, along with engine alerts, indicated a fuel leak. Fuel was spraying from damaged filter assemblies, particularly onto the number two engine’s exhaust manifold. The crew attempted to contain the leak but were unsuccessful, and a fire broke out. The ferry lost power and drifted to a stop, prompting a distress call to the Coast Guard. The crew evacuated the engine room and activated the vessel’s firefighting system, eventually extinguishing the fire.
The investigation revealed that the fuel return isolation valves, retrofitted after the vessel’s delivery, were closed by the oilers, causing a dangerous overpressurization of the fuel system. Unlike older ferries, Sandy Ground lacked a pressure relief valve, which would have prevented the overpressure.
The NTSB concluded that the crew likely did not fully understand the system and recommended that the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), class societies, and the Coast Guard mandate relief valves for fuel return lines from positive-displacement pumps. Following repairs, Sandy Ground was fitted with relief valves, and similar upgrades are planned for other ferries in the fleet.
Hazards of Engine Room Fires
Engine room fires pose numerous hazards due to the confined space, the presence of flammable materials, and the critical systems located within the engine room. The most immediate danger is the rapid spread of fire, which can quickly engulf the engine room and spread to other parts of the vessel. The presence of fuel, lubricants, and high temperatures creates an environment where a small ignition can escalate into a full-blown fire.
Another significant hazard is the release of toxic fumes and smoke, which can incapacitate crew members and passengers, making evacuation difficult. The fire can also compromise the vessel’s structural integrity and stability, potentially leading to sinking or capsizing. Furthermore, engine room fires can cause loss of propulsion and steering, leaving the vessel adrift and at the mercy of the sea.
Common Causes of Engine Room Fires
Engine room fires can be caused by a variety of factors, many of which stem from human error, equipment failure, or design flaws. Some common causes include:
- Fuel System Failures: Leaks in fuel lines, pumps, or filters can spray fuel onto hot surfaces, leading to ignition. Overpressurization of fuel systems, as seen in the Staten Island ferry Sandy Ground incident, can cause damage to components and result in fuel spray and fire.
- Electrical Malfunctions: Faulty wiring, short circuits, and overloaded circuits can create sparks that ignite nearby flammable materials. Electrical fires can also result from the failure of insulation on wires, leading to arcing.
- Poor Maintenance: Inadequate maintenance of engine room systems can lead to equipment failure, such as worn-out gaskets, seals, or insulation, which can cause leaks and fires. Regular inspection and maintenance are crucial in preventing these failures.
- Design Flaws: Improper design of fuel and exhaust systems, such as the absence of pressure relief valves in fuel return lines, can create conditions conducive to fire. Design flaws can also include poor ventilation, which allows heat and flammable vapors to accumulate.
- Human Error: Improper operation of equipment, failure to follow safety protocols, and lack of training can all contribute to engine room fires. For example, crew members may inadvertently close critical valves or neglect to monitor fuel levels and pressures properly.
Engine room fires are among the most dangerous and catastrophic events that can occur onboard a vessel. These fires can result in severe damage to the vessel, loss of life, and significant financial and environmental consequences. Understanding the hazards, causes, and potential injuries associated with engine room fires is crucial for maritime professionals, boat owners, and legal practitioners who may be involved in related litigation.
Potential Injuries From Maritime Fires
The injuries resulting from maritime fires can be severe and life-threatening. Burns are the most obvious risk, as crew members may be directly exposed to flames or hot surfaces. However, there are many more possible injuries that are less obvious. Ship engine room fires can result in a range of injuries, including:
Burns
- Thermal Burns: Direct exposure to flames, hot surfaces, or steam can cause severe burns, ranging from first-degree (superficial) to third-degree (deep tissue damage).
- Chemical Burns: Contact with caustic substances like leaking fuel or other hazardous chemicals during a fire can lead to chemical burns.
Smoke Inhalation
- Toxic Fumes: Engine rooms often contain materials that, when burned, release toxic fumes. Inhalation of these fumes can lead to respiratory distress, carbon monoxide poisoning, or long-term lung damage.
- Asphyxiation: The thick smoke can deplete oxygen levels, leading to suffocation or loss of consciousness.
Respiratory Injuries
- Inhalation of Hot Gases: Breathing in hot gases can cause thermal injury to the respiratory tract, leading to swelling, airway obstruction, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
- Lung Damage: Prolonged exposure to smoke and fumes can cause long-term damage to the lungs, including chronic respiratory conditions.
Traumatic Injuries
- Falls: The chaos and urgency during an engine room fire can lead to slips, trips, or falls, resulting in broken bones, sprains, or head injuries.
- Crush Injuries: Structural damage or equipment failure can cause parts of the engine room to collapse, leading to crush injuries or entrapment.
- Impact Injuries: In the rush to escape or contain the fire, crew members may collide with equipment or other obstacles, resulting in bruises, fractures, or concussions.
Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke
- Overheating: Engine rooms are already hot environments, and during a fire, temperatures can become extreme. Prolonged exposure can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke, which are serious conditions requiring immediate medical attention.
Eye Injuries
- Exposure to Smoke and Fumes: Irritation or chemical burns to the eyes can occur due to exposure to smoke, fumes, or splashing chemicals.
- Foreign Objects: Debris or shattered equipment can cause cuts or punctures to the eyes.
Hearing Damage
- Explosions or Loud Noises: Fires can cause explosions or sudden loud noises that may lead to hearing loss or damage to the ears.
Exposure to Hazardous Substances
- Chemical Exposure: Fires may release hazardous substances stored in the engine room, leading to exposure and poisoning, which can have both acute and long-term health effects.
Psychological Injuries
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Surviving a fire, especially one that involves severe injuries or fatalities, can lead to PTSD or other psychological conditions like anxiety or depression.
- Acute Stress Reaction: Immediate emotional and psychological distress following the incident is common, affecting a person’s ability to function.
Secondary Injuries
- Delayed Effects: Some injuries, like internal damage from inhaled toxins or secondary infections from burns, may not be immediately apparent but can develop over time.
These injuries not only have immediate physical impacts but can also lead to long-term health issues, disability, and significant psychological trauma. Proper safety protocols, training, and equipment maintenance are essential to minimize the risk and severity of injuries in the event of an engine room fire.
Getting Help after a Maritime Fire
The legal implications of maritime fires are significant. In cases where negligence or equipment failure is determined to be the cause, injured parties or their families may pursue compensation through personal injury or wrongful death lawsuits. Vessel owners, operators, and manufacturers may be held liable if they are found to have failed in their duty of care, whether through inadequate maintenance, insufficient training, or faulty design.
Moreover, maritime law, including the Jones Act and the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (LHWCA), provides avenues for seamen and other maritime workers to seek compensation for injuries sustained in such incidents. Legal cases may also involve product liability claims against manufacturers of defective equipment or parts.
Free Consultation with a Maritime Injury Lawyer
If you or a loved one have been injured in a maritime fire, navigating the legal waters can be overwhelming. At Kherkher Garcia, we understand the complexities of maritime law and are here to help. Our experienced maritime injury lawyers will fight to get you the compensation you deserve.
Don’t face this battle alone – schedule a free consultation today! Let us guide you through every step of the process. Contact Kherkher Garcia now to protect your rights. Call 713-333-1030, or submit our online contact form to get started.
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